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Econometrics作业 写作、 辅导Statistics课程作业、R程序语言作业调试、 写作R实验作业
Using R for Econometrics and Statistics
Take Home Exam
The due date is 2019-11-19
For the exam, you are required to submit a Rmarkdown file and a html file
generated from your Rmarkdown file.
1. See rates.doc for a description of the data file. For all questions, use
1962: 1 through 2012: 6 as the sample period. Use the first 24 observations
(1960 : 1 through 1961 : 12) for initial conditions and differencing
transformations. You are to calculate the following. You should write
your own code (use R), but can borrow from pre-existing code where you
feel comfortable doing so.
(a) Start by plotting the unemployment rate against time. Is the series
trending? Cyclical?
(b) Estimate an AR(4) model (always include an intercept!) by leastsquares.
Report coefficient estimates, robust standard errors, and a
one-step point forecast for July 2012.
(c) Estimate a set of autoregressions (always include an intercept!) by
least-squares, AR (1) through AR (24). For each, calculate the Cross
Validation information criterion. Also calculate the BIC, AIC, AICc
,
Mallows, Robust Mallows information criteria. Create a table for
your results.
(d) Based on the CV criteria, select an AR model.
(e) Use this model to make a one-step point forecast for July 2012 .
(f) Report coefficient estimates and robust standard errors.
(g) Now consider the other variables in the data set. After making suitable
transformations, include these variables in your model. Using
the information criteria, select a forecasting model.
(h) Use this forecasting model to make a one-step point forecast for July
2012 .
2. In this problem youll use ridge regression the lasso to estimate the salary
of various baseball players based on a bunch of predictor measurements.
This data set is taken from the ISLR package, and R package that
accompanies the Introduction to Statistical Learning textbook. You
should now have the objects x, y, the former being a 263 20matrix of
predictor variables, and the latter a 263 dimensional vector of salaries.
(For more information, download and install the ISLR package and type
1 Hitters.) Download and install the g1mnet package from the CRAN
repository. Well be using this package to perform ridge regression and
the lasso. Finally, define
gr id =10seq(10 , 2 ,1 ength =100)
This is a large grid of values, and well eventually instruct the glmnet
function to compute the ridge and lasso estimates at each one of these
values of .
(a) The glmnet function, by default, internally scales the predictor variables
so that they will have standard deviation 1, before solving the
ridge regression or lasso problems. This is a result of its default setting
standardize=TRUE. Explain why such scaling is appropriate
in our particular application.
(b) Run the following command
r i d . mod = glmnet ( x , y , lambda=grid , alpha =0)
l a s . mod = glmnet ( x , y , lambda=grid , alpha =1)
This fits ridge regression and lasso estimates, over the whole sequence
of values specified by grid. The flag alpha=0 notifies g1mnet to
perform ridge regression, and alpha=1 notifies it to perform lasso
regression. Verify that, for each model, as decreases, the value of
the penalty term only increases. That is, for the ridge regression
model, the squared `2 norm of the coefficients only gets bigger as
decreases. And for the lasso model, the `1 norm of the coefficients
only gets bigger as decreases. You should do this by producing a
plot of (on the x-axis) versus) versus the penalty (on the y-axis)
for each method. The plot should be on a log-log scale.
(c) Verify that, for a very small value of , both the ridge regression
and lasso estimates are very close to the least squares estimate. Also
verify that, for a very large value of , both the ridge regression and
lasso estimates approach 0 in all components (except the intercept,
which is not penalized by default).
(d) For each of the ridge regression and lasso models, perform 5 -fold
cross-validation to determine the best value of . Report the results
from both the usual rule, and the one standard error rule for choosing
. You can either perform this cross-validation procedure manually,
or use the cv.glmnet function. Either way, produce a plot of the
cross-validation error curve as a function of , for both the ridge and
lasso models.
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(e) From the last part, you should have computed 4 values of the tuning
parameter:
ridge
min , ridge
1se , lasso
min , lasso
1se
These are the results of running 5-fold cross-validation on each of
the ridge and lasso models, and using the usual rule (min) or the
one standard error rule (1se) to select . Now, using the predict
function, with type: coef, and the ridge and lasso models fit in
part (b), report the coefficient estimates at the appropriate values
of . That is, you will report two coefficient vectors coming from
ridge regression with =
rige
min and =
rige
1se , and likewise for the
lasso. How do the coefficient estimates from the usual rule compare
to those from the one standard error rule? How do the ridge estimates
compare to those from the lasso?
(f) Suppose that you were coaching a young baseball player who wanted
to strike it rich in the major leagues. What handful of attributes
would you tell this player to focus on? (That is, how to measure
variable importance?)
3. Value at Risk (VaR) is a statistical measure of downsiden current position,
It estimates how much a set of investments might lose given normal
market conditions in a set time period. A vaR statistic has three
components.al time period b) confidence level. c) loss ammount (or loss
percentage). For 95% confidence level, we can say that the worst daily
loss will not exceed VaR estimation. If we use historical data, we can
estimate vaR by the quantile value. For our data this estimation is:
quant i le ( s p5 0 0 r e t , 0 . 0 5 )
Delta-normal approach assumes that all stock returns are normally distributed.
This method consists of going back in time and computing the
variance of returns. Value at Risk can be defined as:
V aR() = + N1
()
where is the mean stock return, is the standard deviation of returns,
is the selected confidence level and N 1
is the inverse CDF function,
generating the corresponding quantile of a normal distribution given .
The results of such a simple model often disappointing and are rarely
used in practice today. The assumption of normality and constant daily
variance is usually wrong and that is the case for data as well.
Previously we observed that returns exhibit time-varying volatility. Hence
for the estimation of VaR we use the conditional variance given by GARCH
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model. For the underlined assets distribution properties we can use the
studentt-distribution. For this method Value at Risk is expressed as:
VaRt() = + t|t1 F1
()
where t|t1 is the conditional standard deviation given the information
at t 1 and F1
is the inverse CDF function of tdistribution.
(a) For the sp500price data set we have used in class, you need to specify
an appropriate form of GARCH model for the return of sp500
with information criterion method and rolling estimation method.
For rolling method, the window size is 2500 and the estimation is
implemented every 100 observations (To save the computation cost,
moving window method is recommended.)
(b) Forward looking risk management uses the predicted quantiles from
the GARCH estimation. Using ugarchroll method to estimate the
best GARCH model you have obtained from (a) by rolling method
to compute VaRt() for = 0.05. The setting of rolling estimation
is the same as (a).
(c) A VaR exceedance occurs when the actual return is less than the predicted
value-at-risk: Rt V aRt
. Plot the scattered points of actual
returns, the predicted VaRt(), and highlight the VaR exceedance
points by different color.
(d) The frequency of VaR exceedances is called the VaR coverage. A
valid prediction model has a coverage that is close to the probability
level used. If coverage : too many exceedances: the predicted
quantile should be more negative. Risk of losing money has been
underestimated.If coverage : too few exceedances, the predicted
quantile was too negative. Risk of losing money has been overestimated.
Compute the VaR coverage of the AR(1)-GJR-GARCH with
skew-t distribution, AR(1)-GJR-GARCH with t distribution, AR(1)-
GARCH with t distribution, and AR(1)-GJR-GARCH with skew-t
distribution with rolling estimation implemented every 1000 observations
instead of 100. You can create a table to display your results.”
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